How do I use all those filters in the dropdown menu?

Here’s a brief description of what they mean. Please remember that you can access the same information directly from within the admin, by ‘pulling’ the Help tab that should appear in the top right-hand corner.

Basic filters:

browser: user agent (Firefox, Chrome, …)
country code: 2-letter code (us, ru, de, it, …)
referring domain: domain name of the referrer page (i.e., https://www.google.com if a visitor was coming from Google)
ip: visitor’s public IP address
search terms: keywords visitors used to find your website on a search engine
language code: please refer to the language culture names (first column) for more information
operating system: accepts identifiers like win7, win98, macosx, …; please refer to this manual page for more information about these codes
permalink: URL accessed on your site
referrer: complete URL of the referrer page
visitor's name: visitor’s name according to the cookie set by WordPress after leaving a comment

Advanced filters:

browser capabilities: plugins or extensions installed by that user (flash, java, silverlight…)
browser version: user agent version (9.0, 11, …)
browser type: 1 = search engine crawler, 2 = mobile device, 3 = syndication reader, 0 = all others
color depth: visitor’s screen’s color depth (8, 16, 24, …)
css version: what CSS standard was supported by that browser (1, 2, 3, and other integer values)
pageview attributes: this field is set to [pre] if the resource has been accessed through Link Prefetching or similar techniques
post author: author associated to that post/page when the resource was accessed
post category id: ID of the category/term associated to the resource, when available
private ip: visitor’s private IP address, if available
resource content type: post, page, cpt:custom-post-type, attachment, singular, post_type_archive, tag, taxonomy, category, date, author, archive, search, feed, home; please refer to the Conditional Tags manual page for more information
screen resolution: viewport width and height (1024×768, 800×600, …)
visit id: generally used in conjunction with ‘is not empty’, identifies human visitors